{"uri":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation","content":{"metadata":{"seo":{"description":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation | Iconic Translation Machines","title":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation","breadcrumbTitle":"Article","twitter":{"Title":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation","Description":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation | Iconic Translation Machines","Image":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/rws-social-share-image-website_tcm228-174132.png","Type":"website","card":"summary"},"og":{"Title":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation","Url":"https://www.rws.com/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/","Description":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation | Iconic Translation Machines","Image":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/rws-social-share-image-website_tcm228-174132.png","Type":"website"},"link":[{"hreflang":"en","href":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/","url":"https://www.rws.com/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/"}]},"showBreadcrumb":true,"noIndex":false,"customNavigation":{"logo":{"image":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"Language Weaver","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Language-weaver-1_tcm228-193710.png","fileSize":1818,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateTextValue":"Language Weaver","mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"Language Weaver","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Language-weaver-1_tcm228-193710.png","fileSize":1818,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateText":"Language Weaver","hasMobileImage":false},"links":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/","internalLink":{},"text":"Home","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"text":"About","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/our-history/","internalLink":{},"text":"History","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/neural-machine-translation/","internalLink":{},"text":"Neural MT","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/research/","internalLink":{},"text":"Research","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Products","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/cloud/","internalLink":{},"text":"Cloud","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/edge/","internalLink":{},"text":"Edge","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/connectors/","internalLink":{},"text":"Connector Hub","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Solutions","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/government-solutions/","internalLink":{},"text":"Government","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/global-enterprise/","internalLink":{},"text":"Enterprise","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/legal-and-compliance/","internalLink":{},"text":"Legal","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Contact","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"https://portal.languageweaver.com/","text":"Get Started","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/contact/","internalLink":{},"text":"Get in touch","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/","internalLink":{},"text":"Neural MT Weekly","isExternal":false}}]},"excludeCustomNavigation":false,"excludeMainNavigation":false}},"regions":[{"regions":[],"fragments":[{"content":{"logo":{"image":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"Language Weaver","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Language-weaver-1_tcm228-193710.png","fileSize":1818,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateTextValue":"Language Weaver","mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"Language Weaver","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Language-weaver-1_tcm228-193710.png","fileSize":1818,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateText":"Language Weaver","hasMobileImage":false},"links":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/","internalLink":{},"text":"Home","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"text":"About","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/our-history/","internalLink":{},"text":"History","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/neural-machine-translation/","internalLink":{},"text":"Neural MT","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/research/","internalLink":{},"text":"Research","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Products","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/cloud/","internalLink":{},"text":"Cloud","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/edge/","internalLink":{},"text":"Edge","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/connectors/","internalLink":{},"text":"Connector Hub","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Solutions","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/government-solutions/","internalLink":{},"text":"Government","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/global-enterprise/","internalLink":{},"text":"Enterprise","isExternal":false}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/legal-and-compliance/","internalLink":{},"text":"Legal","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"text":"Contact","isExternal":false},"subLinks":[{"link":{"url":"https://portal.languageweaver.com/","text":"Get Started","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true}},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/contact/","internalLink":{},"text":"Get in touch","isExternal":false}}]},{"link":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/","internalLink":{},"text":"Neural MT Weekly","isExternal":false}}]},"template":{"content":{},"id":"CustomNavigation","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"1000","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"links":[{"url":"/","text":"Home","alternateText":"Home","isExternal":false},{"url":"/language-weaver/","text":"Language Weaver","alternateText":"Language Weaver","isExternal":false},{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/","text":"Neural MT Weekly","alternateText":"Neural MT Weekly","isExternal":false},{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/","text":"Article","alternateText":"Article","isExternal":false}]},"template":{"content":{},"id":"Breadcrumb","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153341","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{},"template":{"content":{},"id":"NonRenderingComponentLink","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"191607","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"title":"Issue #71 - Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation","date":"02/27/2020","image":{"image":{"friendlyFileSize":"192 KB","title":"Model improvement","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/model-improvement-1200x610_tcm228-195135.jpg","fileSize":196520,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"alternateTextValue":"The topic of this blog post is model improvement.","mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"192 KB","title":"Model improvement","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/model-improvement-1200x610_tcm228-195135.jpg","fileSize":196520,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"alternateText":"The topic of this blog post is model improvement.","hasMobileImage":true},"thumbnailImage":{"image":{"friendlyFileSize":"192 KB","title":"Model improvement","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/model-improvement-1200x610_tcm228-195135.jpg","fileSize":196520,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"alternateTextValue":"The topic of this blog post is model improvement.","mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"192 KB","title":"Model improvement","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/model-improvement-1200x610_tcm228-195135.jpg","fileSize":196520,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"alternateText":"The topic of this blog post is model improvement.","hasMobileImage":true},"author":{"fullName":"Dr. Chao-Hong Liu","position":" Machine Translation Scientist ","image":{"image":{"friendlyFileSize":"4 KB","title":"Blog Author","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/author_avatar_tcm228-191032.png","fileSize":3378,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateTextValue":"Dr. Chao-Hong Liu","mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"4 KB","title":"Blog Author","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/author_avatar_tcm228-191032.png","fileSize":3378,"mimeType":"image/png"},"alternateText":"Dr. Chao-Hong Liu","hasMobileImage":false},"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/author/drchao-hongliu"},"topic":{"translatedTitle":"Neural MT Weekly","title":"Neural MT Weekly","description":"Neural MT Weekly","key":"Neural MT Weekly"},"tags":[{"translatedTitle":"Model improvement","title":"Model improvement","description":"Model improvement","key":"model-improvement"}],"displayDate":"27 Feb 2020","resources":{"topicsLabel":"Category","tagsLabel":"Tags"}},"template":{"content":{},"id":"BlogHero","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"191605","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"description":"

Introduction

While Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has shown its ability to translate sentences from one language into another, it requires very high capacity to perform well. A typical NMT network usually contains thousands of neurons (e.g. LSTM) in multiple layers (e.g. four to sixteen), which makes it very hard to train good models, and use them. In this post we review the work done by Kim and Rush (2016), who talked about a word-level knowledge distillation approach, and the proposed two novel methods, i.e. sequence-level knowledge distillation and sequence-level interpolation. Thanks to Dr Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt; I discovered this paper from his tweet.

Knowledge Distillation

\nKnowledge distillation, in the context of neural machine learning (ML), is the training of a smaller network (student) who learns from an already trained network (teacher). The teacher itself was trained directly from training set with a large network as it is necessary for the trained models to perform well. The idea is that we could train a smaller network (student) from the teacher, rather than directly from the training set, and the student will perform much faster and approximately as well as the teacher, with the hope that it might even outperform the teacher. $\"Knowledge$ Figure 1. Overview of three knowledge distillation approaches for NMT, excerpted from Kim and Rush (2016).\n

Knowledge Distillation for NMT

The application of knowledge distillation in NMT is very desirable in this case, because NMT models are normally huge with thousands of neurons to perform well, while trained directly from millions of sentence pairs in the training set. Fig. 1 shows three different approaches to knowledge distillation for NMT. On the left-hand side is the word-level knowledge distillation. The teacher itself follows the traditional ML approach, to be trained via minimizing cross-entropy over the training set. The student, on the other hand, is trained by minimizing the cross-entropy with the teacher’s probability distribution (shown in yellow in the diagram).

Kim and Rush (2016) proposed two sequence-level knowledge distillation methods, which are shown on the middle and right-hand side of Fig. 1. The idea is that, instead of learning directly from the training set as the teacher did, the student learns from the output of the teacher. The diagram in the middle of Fig. 1 shows that the student is trained using the output with the highest score from the teacher’s beam search. While on the right-hand side of the diagram in Fig. 1, the student learns from the output which is most similar to the target sequence.

Experiments and Results

Datasets Two setups of experiments are conducted. For the high resource scenario, English-to-German models are trained using WMT 2014 dataset (4 million sentence pairs), with newstest2012/newstest2013 and newstest2014 as dev set and test set, respectively. For the low resource scenario, Thai-to-English models are trained with IWSLT 2015 dataset (90K sentence pairs), using 2010/2011/2012 data as dev set and 2012/2013 as test set.

Results In English-to-German experiments, the vocabulary size is set as 50K, the teacher model is 4x1000 LSTM neural network, and the student models are 2x300 and 2x500 networks. In Thai-to-English experiments, the vocabulary size is 25K, the teacher model is 2x500 network, and the student model is a 2x100 network. The results show that in general, combining the three knowledge distillation methods will improve MT performance by four points in terms of BLEU. And the two sequence-level methods contribute much larger gain compared to the word-level knowledge distillation approach.

Summary

\nKim and Rush (2016) instigated the knowledge distillation methods for NMT. The results show that MT performance can be improved by 4 points in BLEU, and that the decoding speed of student models could be ten times faster than teacher models. These knowledge distillation methods can also be applied to all sequence-to-sequence tasks, e.g. parsing and POS-tagging."},"template":{"content":{},"id":"TextBlockEx","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"191606","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"topic":{"translatedTitle":"Neural MT Weekly","title":"Neural MT Weekly","description":"Neural MT Weekly","key":"Neural MT Weekly","count":0},"tags":[{"translatedTitle":"Model improvement","title":"Model improvement","description":"Model improvement","key":"model-improvement","count":0}],"blogTopicUrl":"/blog/categories","blogTagUrl":"/blog/tags","resources":{"topicsLabel":"Category","tagsLabel":"Tags"}},"template":{"content":{},"id":"BlogTags","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"1802200285","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"fullName":"Dr. Chao-Hong Liu","position":" Machine Translation Scientist ","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/author_avatar_tcm228-191032.png","fileSize":3378,"mimeType":"image/png","mediaType":"Image","title":"Blog Author","friendlyFileSize":"4 KB"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/author_avatar_tcm228-191032.png","fileSize":3378,"mimeType":"image/png","mediaType":"Image","title":"Blog Author","friendlyFileSize":"4 KB"},"alternateText":"Dr. Chao-Hong Liu"},"url":null,"link":{"title":"All from Dr. Chao-Hong Liu","url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/author/drchao-hongliu"}},"template":{"content":{},"id":"AuthorBlock","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"1802200285","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"marketoForm":{"formId":"6ddd9314-e2d7-40c2-ac8c-fa27435acd3d","formProvider":"HubSpot"},"title":"Subscribe","portalId":"147991"},"template":{"content":{},"id":"BlogSubscription","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"1802200285","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"dynamicResources":{"totalItems":164,"take":6,"currentPage":0,"numberOfPages":28,"results":[{"articleTitle":"Issue #163 - Evaluating Terminology Consistency for Machine Translation ","subTitle":"Akshai looks at the work of Alam et al. (2021) on evaluating terminology consistency for machine translation, where they propose metrics to evaluate the consistency of MT output. ","date":"01/13/2022","readTime":"7 minutes","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"}},"author":"Akshai Ramesh","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["evaluation"],"tagTranslations":["Evaluation"],"dateMonth":"1","dateYear":"2022","displayDate":"6 days ago","id":"tcm:228-199637-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-163-Evaluating-Terminology-Consistency/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2022-01-13T13:26:28.538Z","title":"Issue #163 - Evaluating Terminology Consistency for Machine Translation","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"},{"articleTitle":"Issue #162 - How much do language models copy from their training data? ","subTitle":"Yiyi looks at work by McCoy et al. (2021), who look at how \"deep\" deep learning is in the case of open-ended text generation by evaluating the novelty of generated text using n-grams and syntactic structures.","date":"01/06/2022","readTime":"7 minute read","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"}},"author":"Dr. Yiyi Wang","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["evaluation"],"tagTranslations":["Evaluation"],"dateMonth":"1","dateYear":"2022","displayDate":"06 Jan 2022","id":"tcm:228-199586-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-162-How-much-do-LMs-copy/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2022-01-06T12:53:23.894Z","title":"Issue #162 - How much do LMs copy","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"},{"articleTitle":"Issue #161 - Using Linguistic AI for Idea Elaboration in Creative Writing","subTitle":"Melissa looks at work using linguistic AI and NLP to help writers discover interesting connections between ideas in (Roemmele, 2021). ","date":"12/16/2021","readTime":"9 minute read","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/other-1200x610_tcm228-195137.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195137"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/other-1200x610_tcm228-195137.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195137"}},"author":"Dr. Melissa Roemmele","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["other-miscellaneous"],"tagTranslations":["Other / Miscellaneous"],"dateMonth":"12","dateYear":"2021","displayDate":"16 Dec 2021","id":"tcm:228-199073-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-161-Linguistic-AI-for-Idea-Elaboration/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2021-12-16T15:00:06.892Z","title":"Issue #161 - Linguistic AI for Idea Elaboration","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"},{"articleTitle":"Issue #160 - Practical Perspectives on MT Quality Estimation ","subTitle":"Steve looks at Practical Perspectives on Quality Estimation for Machine Translation by Zhou et al. (2020), where they propose using simple and effective labels such as good or bad for MT quality classification.","date":"12/09/2021","readTime":"7 minute read","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/evaluation-1200x610_tcm228-195132.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195132"}},"author":"Dr. Steve DeNeefe","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["evaluation"],"tagTranslations":["Evaluation"],"dateMonth":"12","dateYear":"2021","displayDate":"09 Dec 2021","id":"tcm:228-198848-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-160-Practical-Perspectives-on-MT-Quality-Estimation/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2021-12-09T12:52:24.989Z","title":"Issue #160 - Practical Perspectives on MT Quality Estimation","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"},{"articleTitle":"Issue #159 - Bag of Tricks for Optimizing Transformer Efficiency ","subTitle":"This week, Jingyi looks at ‘Bag of Tricks for Optimizing Transformer Efficiency’ by Lin et al. (2021). See what they are able to achieve with regards to CPU, GPU and translation quality! ","date":"12/02/2021","readTime":"5 minute read","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/speed-scaling-1200x610_tcm228-195139.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195139"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/speed-scaling-1200x610_tcm228-195139.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195139"}},"author":"Dr. Jingyi Han","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["speed-and-scaling"],"tagTranslations":["Speed and scaling"],"dateMonth":"12","dateYear":"2021","displayDate":"02 Dec 2021","id":"tcm:228-198400-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-159-Bag-of-tricks/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2021-12-02T14:45:25.851Z","title":"Issue #159 - Bag of Tricks","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"},{"articleTitle":"Issue #158 - Improving Neural Machine Translation by Bidirectional Training","subTitle":"Patrik looks at work by Ding et al. (2021) to improve neural machine translation by using bidirectional training data to initialize a unidirectional NMT engine.","date":"11/25/2021","readTime":"5 minute read","image":{"image":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/data-creation-1200x610_tcm228-195130.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195130"},"mobileImage":{"url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/data-creation-1200x610_tcm228-195130.jpg","fileSize":0,"id":"195130"}},"author":"Dr. Patrik Lambert","topic":"Neural MT Weekly","tags":["data-creation"],"tagTranslations":["Data creation"],"dateMonth":"11","dateYear":"2021","displayDate":"25 Nov 2021","id":"tcm:228-198336-64","linkUrl":{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/Issue-158-Improving-NMT-by-Bidirectional-Training/","isExternal":false},"publicationDate":"2021-11-25T14:21:29.601Z","title":"Issue #158 - Improving Neural Machine Translation by Bidirectional Training","publicationId":"228","itemType":"blog","itemTypeTranslation":"Blog"}]},"resources":{"relatedArticles":"Related Articles"},"blogTopicUrl":"/blog/categories","blogTagUrl":"/blog/tags"},"template":{"content":{},"id":"RelatedArticlesBlock","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"1802200285","extendedProperties":{}}],"id":"Main","extendedProperties":{}},{"regions":[{"regions":[],"fragments":[{"content":{"links":[{"url":"/search/","internalLink":{},"icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"375 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/search-1_tcm228-167958.svg","fileSize":375,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"375 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/search-1_tcm228-167958.svg","fileSize":375,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"375 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/search-1_tcm228-167958.svg","fileSize":375,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"isExternal":false}]},"template":{"content":{},"id":"UtilityNav","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153368","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"title":"Support","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"737 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/headphones-customer-support_tcm228-197662.svg","fileSize":737,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"737 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/headphones-customer-support_tcm228-197662.svg","fileSize":737,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"737 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/headphones-customer-support_tcm228-197662.svg","fileSize":737,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"links":[{"url":"/support/","internalLink":{},"text":"Technical Support","isExternal":false},{"url":"https://gateway.sdl.com/CommunitySearchResults","text":"Knowledge base","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://community.sdl.com/","text":"RWS Community","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://docs.sdl.com/home","text":"Documentation centre","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"/support/training/","internalLink":{},"text":"Training & certification","isExternal":false},{"url":"/support/professional-services/","internalLink":{},"text":"Professional services","isExternal":false},{"url":"/technology-operations/","internalLink":{},"text":"Technology operations","isExternal":false},{"url":"/digital-technology-services/","internalLink":{},"text":"Technology Services","isExternal":false}]},"template":{"content":{},"id":"MenuFragment","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"197664","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"title":"Login","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"376 B","title":"User","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/single-neutral_tcm228-153335.svg","fileSize":376,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"376 B","title":"User","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/single-neutral_tcm228-153335.svg","fileSize":376,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"376 B","title":"User","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/single-neutral_tcm228-153335.svg","fileSize":376,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"links":[{"url":"https://oos.sdl.com/asp/products/ssl/account/default.asp?","text":"RWS ID","isExternal":true,"loggedInOnly":false},{"url":"https://app.articleonepartners.com/ulogin","text":"AOP Connect","isExternal":true,"loggedInOnly":false},{"url":"https://www.patbase.com/login.asp","text":"PatBase","isExternal":true,"loggedInOnly":false},{"url":"https://www.inovia.com/sign-in","text":"inovia","isExternal":true,"loggedInOnly":false},{"url":"/login/","text":"View all","isExternal":false,"loggedInOnly":false}],"labels":{"login":"Login","signUp":"Sign Up","logout":"Logout"},"settingsSSO":{"auth0.audience":"https://api.sdl.com","auth0.clientID":"8V5WNq1z7QOIvG3xdplPHFC85uJLsotD","auth0.domain":"sdl-prod.eu.auth0.com"}},"template":{"content":{},"id":"AccountMenu","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"185430","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImageValue":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":true},"links":[{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/","text":"English","isExternal":false,"selected":true,"lang":"en","isAvailable":true,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Unfortunately this page is not available in English","body":"

You can return to your previous page or go to the English language homepage.

","callToAction":{"url":"/","text":"English homepage","alternateText":"English homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/de/","text":"Deutsch","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"de","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Diese Seite ist leider nicht auf Deutsch verfügbar.","body":"

Sie stattdessen auch zu Ihrer vorherigen Seite zurückkehren oder zur deutschen Homepage gehen.

","callToAction":{"url":"/de/","text":"Deutsche Homepage","alternateText":"Deutsche Homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/fr/","text":"Français","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"fr","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Malheureusement, cette page n'est pas disponible en français.","body":"

Vous pouvez également revenir à la page précédente ou accéder à la page d'accueil en français.

","callToAction":{"url":"/fr/","text":"Français homepage","alternateText":"Français homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/es/","text":"Español","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"es","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Lamentablemente, esta página no está disponible en español.","body":"

También puedes volver a la página anterior o ir a la página de inicio en español.

","callToAction":{"url":"/es/","text":"Español homepage","alternateText":"Español homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/it/","text":"Italiano","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"it","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Siamo spiacenti, questa pagina non è disponibile in italiano.","body":"

È possibile tornare alla pagina precedenteo andare nella homepage in lingua italiana.

\n\t","callToAction":{"url":"/it/","text":"Italiana homepage","alternateText":"Italiana homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/cn/","text":"简体中文","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"cn","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Unfortunately this page is not available in Chinese","body":"

You can return to your previous page or go to the Chinese language homepage.

\n\n","callToAction":{"url":"/cn/","text":"Chinese homepage","alternateText":"Chinese homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/jp/","text":"日本語","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"jp","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Unfortunately this page is not available in Japanese","body":"

You can return to your previous page or go to the Japanese language homepage.

","callToAction":{"url":"/jp/","text":"Japanese homepage","alternateText":"Japanese homepage","isExternal":false}}},{"url":"/kr/","text":"한국어","isExternal":false,"selected":false,"lang":"kr","isAvailable":false,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Unfortunately this page is not available in Korean","body":"

You can return to your previous page or go to the Korean language homepage.

","callToAction":{"url":"/kr/","text":"Korean homepage","alternateText":"Korean homepage","isExternal":false}}}]},"template":{"content":{},"id":"LanguageSelectorHeader","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"167960","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"url":"/","internalLink":{},"text":"The Logo","alternateText":"The Logo","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"SDL - Part of the RWS Group","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Artboard-1_tcm228-187294.svg","fileSize":1113,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"SDL - Part of the RWS Group","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Artboard-1_tcm228-187294.svg","fileSize":1113,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"2 KB","title":"SDL - Part of the RWS Group","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/Artboard-1_tcm228-187294.svg","fileSize":1113,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"isExternal":false},"template":{"content":{},"id":"SiteLogo","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153375","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"visible":true,"title":"Main Navigation","linkType":"","links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Localization","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/navigation/localization/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"I'm interested in…","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 I'm interested in","alternateText":"001 I'm interested in","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Localizing and translating content","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/translation/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Improving translation quality","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/language-quality-assurance/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Managing translation projects","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/products/trados-enterprise/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Translating e-learning content","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/training-and-elearning/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Translating video subtitles","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/global-marketing/video-subtitling/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about localization","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/localization/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 Services","alternateText":"002 Services","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Translation services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/translation/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Globalization testing","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/product-testing-and-data-training/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Linguistic quality","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/language-quality-assurance/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Interpreting services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/services/interpretation/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about services","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/localization/services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Products","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 Products","alternateText":"003 Products","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Trados Enterprise","description":"End-to-end translation management","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/products/trados-enterprise/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Trados Live Team","description":"Translation collaboration","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/products/trados-live-team/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Trados Studio","description":"Computer assisted translation","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/products/trados-studio/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Passolo","description":"Software localization","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/products/passolo/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about products","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/localization/products/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Find out more","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Find out more","alternateText":"004 Find out more","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Latest language trends","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/localization/leaders-in-language/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Speak to our experts","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/product-enquiry/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Request a demo","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/product-enquiry/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Trados store","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"https://www.trados.com/store/","text":"","alternateText":"","target":{"key":"_blank","title":"New Window","description":"New Window"},"linkType":"","isExternal":true},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Our partners","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/partners/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Content","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/navigation/content/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"I'm interested in…","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 I'm interested in (content)","alternateText":"001 I'm interested in (content)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Empowering the connected enterprise","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Technical communication","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/docs/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Creating engaging digital experiences","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/sites/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Enhancing digital workplace experiences","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/workplace/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Publishing technical content for S1000D","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/contenta-publishing-suite/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about content","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/content/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 Services (content)","alternateText":"002 Services (content)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Content supply chain advisory","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/support/professional-services/content-supply-chain/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Content strategy","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/global-marketing/content-strategy/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Media production","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/global-marketing/content-creation-multimedia/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Transcreation","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/global-marketing/transcreation/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about services","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/content/services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Products","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 Products (content)","alternateText":"003 Products (content)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Tridion Docs","description":"Structured content management (CCMS)","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/docs/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Tridion Sites","description":"Web content management (WCM)","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/tridion/sites/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Contenta Publishing Suite","description":"Technical publication for S1000D","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/contenta-publishing-suite/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"XPP","description":"XML Publisher","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/content-management/xpp/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about products","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/content-management/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Find out more","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Find out more (content)","alternateText":"004 Find out more (content)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Speak to our experts","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/product-enquiry/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Request a demo","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/product-enquiry/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Our partners","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/partners/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"AI","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/navigation/ai/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"I'm interested in…","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 I'm interested in (AI)","alternateText":"001 I'm interested in (AI)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Neural machine translation","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Multilingual content intelligence","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/government-solutions/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Making customer support multilingual ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/global-enterprise/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Enabling Multilingual e-Discovery","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/legal-and-compliance/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Implementing data science solutions","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/digital-technology-services/data-science/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about AI","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/artificial-intelligence/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Products","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 Products (AI)","alternateText":"002 Products (AI)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Language Weaver","description":"Powerful translation platform","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Language Weaver Edge","description":"On-premises platform","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/edge/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about products","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 Services (AI)","alternateText":"003 Services (AI)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Data services for AI","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/artificial-intelligence/data-services-for-ai/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Data science","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/digital-technology-services/data-science/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IoT services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/digital-technology-services/iot/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about services","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/artificial-intelligence/services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Find out more","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Find out more (AI)","alternateText":"004 Find out more (AI)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Speak to our experts","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/language-weaver/contact/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Find out more about AI","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/artificial-intelligence/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Get started","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"https://portal.languageweaver.com/","text":"","alternateText":"","target":{"key":"_blank","title":"New Window","description":"New Window"},"linkType":"","isExternal":true},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IP Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/navigation/ip-services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"I'm interested in…","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 I'm interested in (IP)","alternateText":"001 I'm interested in (IP)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Intellectual Property services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"High-quality patent translation","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Streamlining my foreign patent filing","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/foreign-filing/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IP translations for litigation and information","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/translations-litigation-information-purposes/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IP research","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/research/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"More about IP Services","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 Services (IP)","alternateText":"002 Services (IP)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Patent translation","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/patent-translations/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Foreign patent filing","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/foreign-filing/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IP Research","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/research/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Technology","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 Technology (IP)","alternateText":"003 Technology (IP)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"inovia","description":"Online foreign patent filing","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/inovia/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"AOP Connect ","description":"Online IP research platform","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/technology/aop-connect/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"PatBase","description":"Global patent database","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/technology/patbase/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Find out more","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Find out more (IP)","alternateText":"004 Find out more (IP)","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Speak to our experts","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/intellectual-property-services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"RWS Global Agent Network","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/patents/agent-network/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"IP resources","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"https://www.rws.com/intellectual-property-services/resources/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":true},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Industries","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/navigation/industries/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Regulated","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 Regulated","alternateText":"001 Regulated","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Life Sciences","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/life-sciences/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Legal","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/legal/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Financial Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/financial-services/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Managed Care","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/managed-care/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":false},{"visible":true,"title":"Government","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 Government","alternateText":"002 Government","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Government ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/government/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Aerospace and Defense","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/aerospace-and-defense/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Telecom ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/telecommunications/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":false},{"visible":true,"title":"High-Tech","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 High-Tech","alternateText":"003 High-Tech","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"High-Tech Software","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/high-tech-software/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Retail and eCommerce ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/retail-and-ecommerce/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Media","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/media-entertainment/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Travel, Leisure and Hospitality ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/hospitality/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":false},{"visible":true,"title":"Industrial","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Industrial","alternateText":"004 Industrial","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Industrial Manufacturing ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/industrial-manufacturing/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Automotive","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/automotive/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Energy ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/energy/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Chemical Globalization Services","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/industries/chemical/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":false}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"About","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about-list/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"RWS","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"001 RWS","alternateText":"001 RWS","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"About ","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Corporate Sustainability","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/corporate-sustainability/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Life at RWS","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/life-at-rws/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Careers","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/careers/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Executive Team","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/executive-team/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"What's going on?","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"002 What's going on?","alternateText":"002 What's going on?","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"News","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/news/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Blog","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"https://www.rws.com/blog/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":true},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Events","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/events/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Globally Speaking Radio","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"https://www.globallyspeakingradio.com/","text":"","alternateText":"","target":{"key":"_blank","title":"New Window","description":"New Window"},"linkType":"","isExternal":true},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Investor relations","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"003 Investor relations","alternateText":"003 Investor relations","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Overview","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Directors","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/directors/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"RNS Announcements","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/rns-announcements/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Results, Reports and Presentations","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/results-and-reports/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Documentation","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/documentation-and-announcements/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Securities Information","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/securities-information/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Get in touch","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"","text":"004 Get in touch","alternateText":"004 Get in touch","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[{"visible":true,"title":"Contact","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Media","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/contact/media-enquiries/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Investor Relations","description":"","linkType":"","link":{"url":"/about/investors/contact/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true},{"visible":true,"title":"Get in touch","description":"","linkType":"Button","link":{"url":"/contact/","text":"","alternateText":"","linkType":"Button","isExternal":false},"links":[],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":true}],"noIndex":false,"addToSitemap":false,"excludeFromBreadcrumbs":false,"showTitle":false,"resources":{"close":"Close"}},"template":{"content":{},"id":"MainNavigation","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153338","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"title":"Cookies!!","description":"At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat."},"template":{"content":{},"id":"CookieCompliance","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153358","extendedProperties":{}}],"id":"Header","extendedProperties":{}}],"fragments":[],"id":"Header","extendedProperties":{}},{"regions":[{"regions":[],"fragments":[{"content":{"linkList":[{"title":"RWS","description":"\n

\n ","links":[{"url":"/about/careers/","internalLink":{},"text":"Careers","alternateText":"Careers","isExternal":false},{"url":"/contact/","internalLink":{},"text":"Contact us","alternateText":"Contact us","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/offices/","internalLink":{},"text":"Offices","alternateText":"Offices","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/","internalLink":{},"text":"About","alternateText":"About","isExternal":false}]},{"title":"Investors","links":[{"url":"/about/investors/","internalLink":{},"text":"Overview","alternateText":"Overview","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/investors/investment-proposition/","internalLink":{},"text":"Investment proposition","alternateText":"Investment proposition","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/investors/directors/","internalLink":{},"text":"Directors","alternateText":"Directors","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/executive-team/","internalLink":{},"text":"Executive team","alternateText":"Executive team","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/investors/rns-announcements/","internalLink":{},"text":"RNS announcements","alternateText":"RNS announcements","isExternal":false},{"url":"/about/investors/results-and-reports/","internalLink":{},"text":"Results, reports and presentations","alternateText":"Results, reports and presentations","isExternal":false}]},{"title":"What we do","links":[{"url":"/localization/","internalLink":{},"text":"Localization","alternateText":"Localization","isExternal":false},{"url":"/content/","internalLink":{},"text":"Content","alternateText":"Content","isExternal":false},{"url":"/artificial-intelligence/","internalLink":{},"text":"Artificial Intelligence","alternateText":"Artificial Intelligence","isExternal":false},{"url":"/intellectual-property-services/","internalLink":{},"text":"IP Services","alternateText":"IP Services","isExternal":false},{"url":"/industries/","internalLink":{},"text":"Industries","alternateText":"Industries","isExternal":false}]}],"promo":{"title":"Communication preferences","description":"Looking for more information on RWS? Sign up with our preference centre, and tell us your marketing communication preferences.","link":{"url":"/about/preference-centre/","internalLink":{},"text":"Sign up ","alternateText":"Sign up CTA","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":false}},"socialLinks":{"title":"Follow us","links":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/RWSGroup","text":"Twitter","alternateText":"Twitter","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"499 B","title":"Twitter icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/twitter_tcm228-153337.svg","fileSize":499,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"499 B","title":"Twitter icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/twitter_tcm228-153337.svg","fileSize":499,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImageValue":{"friendlyFileSize":"499 B","title":"Twitter icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/twitter_tcm228-153337.svg","fileSize":499,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"499 B","title":"Twitter icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/twitter_tcm228-153337.svg","fileSize":499,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":true},"target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://www.linkedin.com/company/rws-group","text":"LinkedIn","alternateText":"LinkedIn","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"491 B","title":"Linkedin icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/linkedin_tcm228-153329.svg","fileSize":491,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"491 B","title":"Linkedin icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/linkedin_tcm228-153329.svg","fileSize":491,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImageValue":{"friendlyFileSize":"491 B","title":"Linkedin icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/linkedin_tcm228-153329.svg","fileSize":491,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"491 B","title":"Linkedin icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/linkedin_tcm228-153329.svg","fileSize":491,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":true},"target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/TheRWSGroup","text":"Facebook","alternateText":"Facebook","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"357 B","title":"facebook icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/facebook_tcm228-153331.svg","fileSize":357,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"357 B","title":"facebook icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/facebook_tcm228-153331.svg","fileSize":357,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"357 B","title":"facebook icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/facebook_tcm228-153331.svg","fileSize":357,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/c/RWSGroupPLC","text":"YouTube","alternateText":"YouTube","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"405 B","title":"Youtube icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/youtube_tcm228-153328.svg","fileSize":405,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"405 B","title":"Youtube icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/youtube_tcm228-153328.svg","fileSize":405,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"405 B","title":"Youtube icon","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/youtube_tcm228-153328.svg","fileSize":405,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/RWS.group/","icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"784 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/instagram_tcm228-197748.svg","fileSize":784,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"784 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/instagram_tcm228-197748.svg","fileSize":784,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"784 B","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/instagram_tcm228-197748.svg","fileSize":784,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":false},"target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":true}]},"utilityLinks":{"links":[{"url":"/legal/terms-and-conditions/","internalLink":{},"text":"Our Terms of Use","alternateText":"Our Terms of Use","isExternal":false},{"url":"/legal/copyright/","internalLink":{},"text":"Copyright ","alternateText":"Copyright","isExternal":false},{"url":"/legal/privacy/","internalLink":{},"text":"Privacy","alternateText":"Privacy","isExternal":false},{"url":"/legal/security/","internalLink":{},"text":"Security","alternateText":"Security","isExternal":false},{"url":"/legal/modern-slavery-statement/","internalLink":{},"text":"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement","alternateText":"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement","isExternal":false},{"url":"/legal/privacy/cookie-notice/","internalLink":{},"text":"Cookie Notice","alternateText":"Cookie Notice","target":{"title":"New Window","description":"New Window","key":"_blank"},"isExternal":false},{"url":"/contact/","internalLink":{},"text":"Talk to us","linkType":"Floating Button","isExternal":false}]},"cookiePreferencesCta":"Cookie Preferences"},"template":{"content":{},"id":"OneTrustSiteFooter","extendedProperties":{}},"id":"153373","extendedProperties":{}},{"content":{"icon":{"desktopImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"desktopImagePortrait":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImageValue":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"mobileImage":{"friendlyFileSize":"703 B","title":"globe","mediaType":"Image","url":"https://webassets.rws.com/images/globe-1_tcm228-153333.svg","fileSize":703,"mimeType":"image/svg+xml"},"isVideo":false,"hasMobileImage":true},"links":[{"url":"/language-weaver/the-neural-mt-weekly/knowledge-distillation-for-neural-machine-translation/","text":"English","isExternal":false,"selected":true,"lang":"en","isAvailable":true,"noContentMessage":{"title":"Unfortunately this page is not available in English","body":"